1. HOW DO I DETERMINE THE TAXABLE AMOUNT WHEN BOX 2a STATES "UNKNOWN"?
2. SHOULD I BE USING A FORMULA TO FIGURE OUT THE TAXABLE AMOUNT AND IF SO, WHERE DO I FIND THE FORMULA?
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https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p721.pdf
The rules can get complicated. I'd guess at this point it's probably all taxable, I see very few of these nowadays with UNKNOWN. Most of the older ones I had (now deceased) would have used the antiquated "basis comes out first" rules and would be fully taxable now. All the ones I see now have taxable amount computed.
I just did a return for a client with one of those. He has an annual exclusion amount of something like $1,800, which is recovering his cost basis over a number of years until he reaches age 80 or 85, as I recall. We calculated it back when he retired, and it may have been a disability pension until he reached normal retirement age.
I'm assuming you have not done his returns since he retired, so you are missing part of the story. If you are lucky, he is a retired letter carrier, and before that a military veteran. Those guys often keep good records -- this client happened to mention he has copies of all his tax returns going back to the '70s. The sign on your door may say "Tax Return Preparation," but we know that it often includes "Private Detective and Investigations."
Found this tool that seems to do a good job of producing a chart of annual exclusion amounts for you, assuming you have the information needed to answer the questions. Just print it out and use it till the exclusions run out.
https://cotaxaide.org/tools/Annuity%20Calculator.html
Just subtract from the amount in Box 1, and enter for Box 2a. Good luck!
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